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| c. 350 |
| | | Frumentius, brought to Ethiopia as a slave, becomes the kingdom's first Christian bishop | |
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| c. 543 |
| | | Christianity reaches the kingdom of Dongola, in present-day Sudan | |
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| c. 670 |
| | | With the entire middle east under their control, the Arabs make Damascus the capital of the Umayyad caliphate | |
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| c. 780 |
| | | Islam reaches Shanga, off the east coast of Africa, with the building of a tiny wooden mosque | |
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| c. 1000 |
| | | The salt mines of the Sahara provide a staple commodity in the African caravan trade | |
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| c. 1050 |
| | | Islam reaches Kanem-Bornu, a joint kingdom encompassing the eastern and western shores of Lake Chad | |
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| c. 1050 |
| | | A Muslim dynasty is established at Kilwa, on the east African coast | |
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| 1315 |
| | | Islam replaces Christianity as the religion of the kings of Dongola, in present-day Sudan | |
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| 1329 |
| | | A friar, who has failed to find Prester John in the east, publishes a book proving that the fabulous king lives in Ethiopia | |
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| c. 1450 |
| | | Coffee, derived from wild plants in Ethiopia, is cultivated in Arabia | |
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